Zhang Qiqi, Yang Dandan, Han Xingxing, Ren Yu, Fan Yongqi, Zhang Chao, Sun Lei, Ye Tingting, Wang Qiushuang, Ban Youhao, Cao Yunxia, Zou Huijuan, Zhang Zhiguo
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
Eur J Med Res. 2024 Dec 31;29(1):640. doi: 10.1186/s40001-024-02236-1.
Alarmins are a class of molecules released when affected cells damaged or undergo apoptosis. They contain various chemotactic and immunomodulatory proteins or peptides. These molecules regulate the immune response by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play important roles in inflammatory response, tissue repair, infection defense, and cancer treatment. Spontaneous abortion (SA) is a common pregnancy-related disease, and its pathogenesis has been puzzling clinicians, so it needs to be further studied. In this paper, we first reviewed the research status of various alarmins and SA, focusing on the role of high mobility box 1 (HMGB1), interleukin33 (IL-33), interleukin1β (IL-1β) and S-100 protein (S100 protein) in immune response, inflammation, embryonic development and abortion. Subsequently, this paper summarized the effect of alarmins on pregnancy outcome by influencing angiogenesis-related factors. Finally, from the perspective of aseptic inflammation, the pro-inflammatory signaling pathways involved in various alarmins and their targeted drugs were reviewed. By focusing on specific molecules in alarmins and their receptors and signaling pathways, we can more accurately conduct drug research and development. The purpose of this review is to explore the role of alarmins in SA, and provide important references for early detection of abortion risk, revealing the disease mechanism, developing new therapies and improving the prognosis of patients.
警报素是一类在受影响细胞受损或发生凋亡时释放的分子。它们包含各种趋化和免疫调节蛋白或肽。这些分子通过与模式识别受体（PRR）相互作用来调节免疫反应，并在炎症反应、组织修复、感染防御和癌症治疗中发挥重要作用。自然流产（SA）是一种常见的妊娠相关疾病，其发病机制一直困扰着临床医生，因此需要进一步研究。在本文中，我们首先综述了各种警报素和SA的研究现状，重点关注高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）、白细胞介素33（IL-33）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）和S-100蛋白（S100蛋白）在免疫反应、炎症、胚胎发育和流产中的作用。随后，本文总结了警报素通过影响血管生成相关因子对妊娠结局的影响。最后，从无菌性炎症的角度，综述了各种警报素涉及的促炎信号通路及其靶向药物。通过关注警报素中的特定分子及其受体和信号通路，我们可以更准确地进行药物研发。本综述的目的是探讨警报素在SA中的作用，并为早期检测流产风险、揭示疾病机制、开发新疗法和改善患者预后提供重要参考。
