The COVID-19 virus not only has significant pathogenicity but also influences the progression of many diseases, altering patient prognosis. Cardiovascular diseases, particularly aortic aneurysms, are among the most life-threatening conditions. COVID-19 infection is reported to accelerate the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) and increase the risk of rupture; however, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains elusive. This article primarily reviews the relevant foundational research, focusing on disruptions in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), immune system activation, and coagulation disorders. Furthermore, we summarize related clinical research, including the epidemiology of aortic aneurysms during the pandemic and specific case studies. COVID-19 infection can influence the onset and progression of aortic aneurysms by affecting the RAAS, triggering inflammation and immune dysregulation in the arterial wall, and inducing a hypercoagulation state. It is crucial to comprehensively understand the impact of pandemic viral infections on aortic diseases at the foundational and clinical levels, thereby identifying potential preventative or therapeutic approaches and preparing for potential future outbreaks.