Review on natural hydrogen wells safety.

Hydrogen is a promising clean energy source with geological reserves widely distributed globally, offering an annual flow exceeding 23 trillion grams. However, natural hydrogen extraction wells face unique safety challenges compared to conventional oil and gas wells. This paper reviews well safety concerns such as tubing/casing damage, cement/sealant failure, and excessive annular pressure buildup. Key issues include hydrogen embrittlement, microbiological corrosion, H-cement reaction, and H-rubber degradation, which can lead to mechanical failures. The review explores potential solutions like metal coatings, rubber fillers, and cement additives to mitigate these problems. It also emphasizes the need for further research to validate these solutions under real-world conditions. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the safe and efficient extraction of natural hydrogen.