Herrera Tatiana Elizabeth Sánchez, Tello Iván Patricio Salgado, Mustafa Mohammed Ahmed, Jamil Nawfal Yousif, Alaraj Mohd, Atiyah Altameem Kamil K, Alasheqi Mohammed Qasim, Hamoody Abdul-Hameed M, Alkhafaji Adnan Taan, Shakir Maha Noori, Alshahrani Mohammad Y, Alawadi Ahmed
Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba 060106, Ecuador.
Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Samarra, 34010 Iraq.
Cytokine. 2025 Feb;186:156846. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156846. Epub 2025 Jan 3.
Inflammation, driven by various stimuli such as pathogens, cellular damage, or vascular injury, plays a central role in numerous acute and chronic conditions. Current treatments are being re-evaluated, prompting interest in naturally occurring compounds like kaempferol, a flavonoid prevalent in fruits and vegetables, for their anti-inflammatory properties. This study explores the therapeutic potential of kaempferol, focusing on its ability to modulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and its broader effects on inflammatory signaling pathways. Comprehensive reviews of in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. Kaempferol effectively inhibits the production of key inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and enzymes such as COX-2 and iNOS, while also targeting oxidative stress pathways like Nrf2 activation. The compound demonstrated protective effects in various inflammatory conditions, including sepsis, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune conditions, by modulating pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, and STAT. Despite its promise, kaempferol's clinical application faces challenges related to its bioavailability and stability, underscoring the need for advanced formulation strategies. These findings position kaempferol as a promising candidate for anti-inflammatory therapy, with the potential to improve patient outcomes across a wide range of inflammatory diseases. Further clinical studies are required to validate its efficacy, optimize dosage, and address pharmacokinetic limitations.
由病原体、细胞损伤或血管损伤等各种刺激驱动的炎症，在众多急性和慢性疾病中起着核心作用。当前的治疗方法正在重新评估，这引发了人们对天然存在的化合物（如在水果和蔬菜中普遍存在的黄酮类化合物山奈酚）的抗炎特性的兴趣。本研究探讨了山奈酚的治疗潜力，重点关注其调节促炎细胞因子的能力及其对炎症信号通路的更广泛影响。对体外和体内研究进行了全面综述，以阐明其抗炎和抗氧化作用的潜在机制。山奈酚有效地抑制关键炎症介质的产生，包括细胞因子以及COX-2和iNOS等酶，同时还靶向Nrf2激活等氧化应激途径。该化合物通过调节NF-κB、MAPK和STAT等途径，在包括败血症、神经退行性疾病、心血管疾病和自身免疫性疾病在内的各种炎症条件下表现出保护作用。尽管前景广阔，但山奈酚的临床应用面临着与其生物利用度和稳定性相关的挑战，这突出了先进制剂策略的必要性。这些发现表明山奈酚是一种有前途的抗炎治疗候选药物，有可能改善广泛炎症性疾病患者的治疗效果。需要进一步的临床研究来验证其疗效、优化剂量并解决药代动力学限制。
