Ecotoxicity of a Representative Urban Mixture of Rare Earth Elements to .

Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered as emerging contaminants due to their use in the fabrication process of current technologies. As such, their aquatic toxicity, especially as a mixture, is not well understood, as it has been scarcely investigated. The purpose of this study was to shed light on the sublethal and lethal toxicity of a realistic mixture of five REE in . The REE mixture was composed of five elements (Gd, Ce, Nd, Y and Dy, with a total REE concentration of 0.137 µg/L = 1× concentration) that were found in six municipal effluents in Canada at the same concentration ratios. The organisms were exposed to increasing concentrations (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100×) of the mixture for 96 h at 20 °C. The lethal and sublethal toxicities were evaluated by morphological changes and the gene expression (mRNA) involved in oxidative stress, damaged protein salvaging (autophagy for the reabsorption of damaged proteins), regeneration, neural activity and DNA repair of oxidatively damaged DNA. The data revealed that the total REE concentration of the environmental mixture was well below the lethal concentrations of the individual REEs, which occur generally at concentrations > 200 µg/L. This study proposes a novel gene transcription set to investigate the mode of action where gene expression changes occurred at concentrations below those reported in municipal effluents, suggesting long-term toxic effects in hydras close to municipal effluent discharges. This suggests that the release of REEs by municipal/hospital (for Gd) effluents should be more closely monitored.