The primary source of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), now recognized as critical mediators of host health, particularly in the context of neurobiology and cancer development, is the gut microbiota's fermentation of dietary fibers. Recent research highlights the complex influence of SCFAs, such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, on brain cancer progression. These SCFAs impact immune modulation and the tumor microenvironment, particularly in brain tumors like glioma. They play a critical role in regulating cellular processes, including apoptosis, cell differentiation, and inflammation. Moreover, studies have linked SCFAs to maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), suggesting a protective role in preventing tumor infiltration and enhancing anti-tumor immunity. As our understanding of the gut-brain axis deepens, it becomes increasingly important to investigate SCFAs' therapeutic potential in brain cancer management. Looking into how SCFAs affect brain tumor cells and the environment around them could lead to new ways to prevent and treat these diseases, which could lead to better outcomes for people who are dealing with these challenging cancers.