Gadzella Timothy J, Rabey Karyne N, Doschak Michael R, Westover Lindsey, Addison Owen, Romanyk Dan L
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2025 Jan 7;12:1491834. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1491834. eCollection 2024.
Validated models describing the biomechanics of tooth extraction are scarce. This study seeks to perform experimental and numerical characterization of vertical tooth extraction biomechanics in swine incisors with imposed vertical extraction loads. Imaging analysis related mechanical outcomes to tooth geometry and applied loading rate. Then, the predictive capabilities of the developed finite element analysis (FEA) models were demonstrated by testing different loading scenarios and validating the results against experimental equivalents.
Simulated vertical extractions were performed on partial swine central incisors (n = 49) and studied for peak extraction force and dental complex stiffness. Post-extraction µCT images were obtained to measure root surface attachment area (RSAA) and observe patterns of periodontal ligament (PDL) rupture. Crosshead force-displacement data was used in an inverse finite element analysis (IFEA) to verify parameters for the PDL in an axisymmetric model of tooth extraction. New force-hold loading protocols were devised and validated in a series of tests on swine incisors to demonstrate the predictive efficacy of the finite element model. Force-hold loading on an initially-damaged PDL was also simulated.
Reductions in loading rate and RSAA were found to significantly reduce peak extraction forces by 98N-120 N. Increases in instantaneous stiffness during loading were associated with increases in loading rate. Inverse finite element solutions demonstrated consistent PDL parameters across loading cases. Force-hold loading predicted extraction behaviour with large variance in extraction time. Damage imposed in the FEA model was able to predict experimental results from experiments on similarly-damaged dental complexes.
This study presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical characterization of vertical tooth extraction biomechanics employing an swine model. The results of these experiments suggest that the axisymmetric FEA model is a powerful tool for predicting a range of conditions and dental complex geometries. The predictive power of the FEA model demonstrated in this study encourages its use in pre-clinical testing and development of new vertical extraction loading schemes for improving clinical outcomes.
描述牙齿拔除生物力学的经过验证的模型很少。本研究旨在对施加垂直拔除力的猪切牙垂直牙齿拔除生物力学进行实验和数值表征。成像分析将力学结果与牙齿几何形状和施加的加载速率相关联。然后，通过测试不同的加载场景并将结果与实验等效物进行验证，展示了所开发的有限元分析（FEA）模型的预测能力。
对部分猪中切牙（n = 49）进行模拟垂直拔除，并研究峰值拔除力和牙复合体刚度。拔牙后获取μCT图像以测量牙根表面附着面积（RSAA）并观察牙周膜（PDL）破裂模式。十字头力-位移数据用于逆有限元分析（IFEA），以验证拔牙轴对称模型中PDL的参数。设计了新的力保持加载方案，并在一系列猪切牙测试中进行了验证，以证明有限元模型的预测效果。还模拟了对初始受损的PDL进行力保持加载。
发现加载速率和RSAA的降低可使峰值拔除力显著降低98N - 120N。加载过程中瞬时刚度的增加与加载速率的增加相关。逆有限元解在不同加载情况下显示出一致的PDL参数。力保持加载预测的拔除行为在拔除时间上有很大差异。有限元模型中施加的损伤能够预测类似受损牙复合体实验的实验结果。
本研究采用猪模型对垂直牙齿拔除生物力学进行了全面的实验和数值表征。这些实验结果表明，轴对称有限元模型是预测一系列条件和牙复合体几何形状的有力工具。本研究中有限元模型的预测能力鼓励其在临床前测试和开发新的垂直拔除加载方案中用于改善临床结果。
