Sunila Bukanakere S, Shivakumar Ganiga C, Abdul Nishath S, Sudhakar Neha, Franco Rocco, Ronsivalle Vincenzo, Cicciù Marco, Minervini Giuseppe
JSS Dental College and Hospital, Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India.
People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, People's University, Bhopal, India.
Minerva Dent Oral Sci. 2025 Jan 22. doi: 10.23736/S2724-6329.24.04867-8.
Chronic periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory condition that affects both the oral health and systemic well-being of individuals, particularly those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Accurate diagnosis and evaluation of periodontal status are crucial for effective management of the disease. This narrative review aimed to compare the diagnostic and evaluative capabilities of conventional periodontal probing and salivary biomarkers in chronic periodontitis among individuals with T2DM. The available literature highlights the clinical utility of conventional periodontal probing as the gold standard for periodontal diagnosis and evaluation. It enables the assessment of clinical parameters such as probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing, providing valuable information about the severity and extent of periodontal disease. However, this approach has limitations, including its invasive nature, potential for examiner bias, and limited ability to detect early stages of periodontitis. In recent years, salivary biomarkers have emerged as promising diagnostic tools for periodontal diseases. Various biomarkers, such as inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and host-derived enzymes, have shown potential in differentiating periodontal health from disease and assessing disease activity. Salivary biomarker analysis offers advantages such as non-invasiveness, ease of collection, and the potential for chair-side testing. However, standardization of collection protocols, biomarker panels, and interpretation criteria remain a challenge. This narrative review provides an overview of the strengths and limitations of conventional periodontal probing and salivary biomarkers in the diagnosis and evaluation of chronic periodontitis in individuals with T2DM. Both approaches have their unique advantages and contribute valuable information in clinical practice. Combining conventional periodontal probing with salivary biomarker analysis holds promise for enhancing the accuracy and precision of periodontal disease diagnosis and monitoring in individuals with T2DM.
慢性牙周炎是一种常见的炎症性疾病，会影响个体的口腔健康和全身健康，尤其是2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者。准确诊断和评估牙周状况对于有效管理该疾病至关重要。本叙述性综述旨在比较传统牙周探诊和唾液生物标志物在T2DM患者慢性牙周炎中的诊断和评估能力。现有文献强调了传统牙周探诊作为牙周诊断和评估金标准的临床实用性。它能够评估诸如探诊深度、临床附着水平和探诊出血等临床参数，提供有关牙周疾病严重程度和范围的有价值信息。然而，这种方法存在局限性，包括其侵入性、检查者偏差的可能性以及检测牙周炎早期阶段的能力有限。近年来，唾液生物标志物已成为牙周疾病有前景的诊断工具。各种生物标志物，如炎症细胞因子、基质金属蛋白酶和宿主衍生酶，在区分牙周健康与疾病以及评估疾病活动方面显示出潜力。唾液生物标志物分析具有非侵入性、易于收集以及椅旁检测的潜力等优点。然而，收集方案、生物标志物组合和解释标准的标准化仍然是一个挑战。本叙述性综述概述了传统牙周探诊和唾液生物标志物在T2DM患者慢性牙周炎诊断和评估中的优势和局限性。两种方法都有其独特的优点，并在临床实践中提供有价值的信息。将传统牙周探诊与唾液生物标志物分析相结合有望提高T2DM患者牙周疾病诊断和监测的准确性和精确性。
