Management of Immunotherapy-Induced Type 1 Diabetes.

One of the life-threatening adverse effects associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is β cells destruction resulting in type 1 diabetes. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced type 1 diabetes (ICI-T1D) usually has a rapid onset requiring admission to the intensive care unit for the management of diabetic ketoacidosis using an insulin drip protocol. Once stabilized patients with ICI-T1D are started on insulin therapy to mimic usual pancreatic function. Insulin administration may be through multiple daily injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions using an insulin pump. People who develop ICI-T1D will require insulin therapy for life.