Detection of Lunar Regolith Acquired by Excavator Using Radiofrequency (RF) Sensors.

This paper presents the concept of a radiofrequency (RF) sensor designed to estimate the mass of the regolith acquired by a sampling device or excavator in planetary environments. The sensor utilizes a microstrip line with an open end as the sensing element, with the mass estimation based on measurements of the phase of the reflection coefficient (S11 of the scattering matrix) for the line immersed in the regolith. The Rotary Clamshell Excavator (RCE) was employed for the experimental evaluation of the sensor's performance. The RCE successfully passed an environmental test campaign, demonstrating its suitability for future lunar missions. The test results indicate that the RF sensor can estimate the mass of the acquired regolith with reasonable accuracy, approximately 15%, making it a viable solution for rough mass estimation in sampling devices and excavators.