Accurate target detection in natural environments is an important function of the visual systems of vertebrates and has a direct impact on animal survival and environmental adaptation. Existing studies have shown that the mammalian prefrontal cortex plays an important role in target detection. However, target detection mechanisms in brain regions similar to other species, such as the avian nidopallium caudolaterale, have not been well studied. Here, we selected pigeons, known for their excellent target detection ability, as an animal model and studied the dynamic changes in the nidopallium caudolaterale neural network features while they performed a target detection task in a maze. The results showed that the average node degree increased significantly during the target detection process while modularity decreased significantly. This indicated that functional connectivity in pigeon brains was enhanced during the task execution, the frequency of brain interactions increased, and the neural network shifted from distributed processing to more efficient integrated processing. The decoding results based on the average node degree and modularity and the combination of both showed that the accuracy of target decoding corresponding to the combination of both was higher. Taken together, our results confirmed the important role of the above properties for encoding target information. We provided evidence to support the view that the NCL is critical for target detection tasks and that studying key features of its neural network provides a powerful tool for revealing the functional state of the brain.