Qiao Mu, Crotin Ryan L, Szymanski David J
Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA.
Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand - SPRINZ, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
Am J Sports Med. 2025 Apr;53(5):1202-1209. doi: 10.1177/03635465251322913. Epub 2025 Mar 12.
Countermovement jump (CMJ) analyses can predict ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries in professional baseball pitchers, yet a biomechanical determinant linking CMJ analytics to UCL sprains is unknown.
PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate CMJ parameters in collegiate pitchers with high and low elbow varus torque (EVT) and investigate multilinear regression relationships between CMJ and EVT kinetics. It was hypothesized that pitchers with greater EVT would have greater CMJ measures, and CMJ kinetics would explain the variance in EVT kinetics.
Descriptive laboratory study.
Analyses of 19 Division I collegiate baseball pitchers (age, 19.9 ± 1.5 years; body height, 1.87 ± 0.08 m; body mass, 90.0 ± 13.4 kg) were performed with integrated ball release speed, 3-dimensional motion capture, and ground reaction force (GRF) technology. A 1-way between-participant analysis of variance was used to compare CMJ and ball velocity metrics, while Pearson correlations () were used to evaluate the association between EVT and CMJ kinetic variables. An alpha level of .05 indicated statistical significance for all tests that included effect size calculations (η) for mean differences.
The EVT rate of torque development (EVTRTD) was significantly greater in pitchers with a higher EVT (high EVT: 605 ± 74 vs low EVT: 353 ± 103 N·m·s; < .001; η = 0.41). CMJ data were similar between groups, yet correlation models indicated that changes in peak CMJ GRF ( = 0.60, < .001) and power ( = 0.53, < .05) can explain variance in EVTRTD.
Compared with absolute EVT, CMJ kinetics were more associated with the rate of EVT in collegiate pitchers.
Therefore, as it relates to injury surveillance, identifying pitchers who display increases in peak GRF, concentric impulse, and peak CMJ power may provide early detection in protecting athletes from elbow valgus overload.
反向纵跳（CMJ）分析可以预测职业棒球投手的尺侧副韧带（UCL）损伤，但将CMJ分析与UCL扭伤联系起来的生物力学决定因素尚不清楚。
目的/假设：本研究的目的是评估高肘内翻扭矩（EVT）和低肘内翻扭矩的大学投手的CMJ参数，并研究CMJ与EVT动力学之间的多元线性回归关系。研究假设是，EVT较大的投手将有更大的CMJ测量值，并且CMJ动力学将解释EVT动力学中的差异。
描述性实验室研究。
对19名一级大学棒球投手（年龄，19.9±1.5岁；身高，1.87±0.08米；体重，90.0±13.4千克）进行分析，采用综合投球释放速度、三维运动捕捉和地面反作用力（GRF）技术。采用单因素组间方差分析比较CMJ和球速指标，同时使用Pearson相关性（）评估EVT与CMJ动力学变量之间的关联。α水平为0.05表示所有测试具有统计学意义，包括平均差异的效应大小计算（η）。
高EVT投手的EVT扭矩发展速率（EVTRTD）显著更高（高EVT：605±74 vs低EVT：353±103 N·m·s；<0.001；η = 0.41）。两组之间CMJ数据相似，但相关模型表明，CMJ GRF峰值（= 0.60，<0.001）和功率（= 0.53，<0.05）的变化可以解释EVTRTD的差异。
与绝对EVT相比，CMJ动力学与大学投手的EVT速率更相关。
因此，就损伤监测而言，识别出CMJ GRF峰值、向心冲量和CMJ峰值功率增加的投手，可能有助于早期发现，从而保护运动员免受肘外翻过载损伤。
