Victor Gideon, Shishani Kawkab, Vellone Ercole, Froelicher Erika Sivarajan
J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2025 Apr 3. doi: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000001200.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) persist as formidable contributors to global mortality and pose substantial challenges to public health. Most mortality estimates have been attributed to heart attack and stroke. Despite increased public awareness, the burden of CVDs continues to increase.
This review describes the burden of CVDs and risk factors in adults, according to the World Health Organization's (WHO) defined regions.
A mapping review methodology was used. PubMed, Scopus, Wiley, the WHO Global Health Observatory data repository, American Heart Association, National Forum for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, European Commission, Eurostat, European Society of Cardiology, World Heart Federation, and Google Scholar were searched using free text search terms: cardiovascular diseases/CVDs, burden, incidence, prevalence, prevention, and risk factor.
Ischemic heart disease predominated in the Americas, Europe, and Eastern Mediterranean, whereas stroke was more common in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. Premature deaths occur in populations with low socioeconomic status. Several well-known risk factors are preventable, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, air pollution, obesity, smoking, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy dietary intake. Emerging risk factors include excessive or lack of sleep, depression, social isolation, air/noise pollution, and exposure to extreme sunshine, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and copper.
The burden of CVDs and its risk factors vary greatly according to demographics and geographical region. Addressing CVDs requires multifaceted strategies, including region-specific interventions, addressing socioeconomic inequalities, adopting life-course risk management, strengthening the healthcare workforce, and improving health literacy.
心血管疾病（CVDs）仍然是全球死亡率的重要促成因素，对公共卫生构成重大挑战。大多数死亡率估计都归因于心脏病发作和中风。尽管公众意识有所提高，但心血管疾病的负担仍在持续增加。
本综述根据世界卫生组织（WHO）定义的区域，描述了成年人心血管疾病的负担及其危险因素。
采用了一种映射综述方法。使用以下自由文本搜索词在PubMed、Scopus、Wiley、WHO全球卫生观测站数据存储库、美国心脏协会、国家心脏病和中风预防论坛、疾病控制和预防中心、欧盟委员会、欧盟统计局、欧洲心脏病学会、世界心脏联合会以及谷歌学术上进行搜索：心血管疾病/CVDs、负担、发病率、患病率、预防和危险因素。
缺血性心脏病在美洲、欧洲和东地中海地区占主导地位，而中风在非洲、东南亚和西太平洋地区更为常见。过早死亡发生在社会经济地位较低的人群中。一些众所周知的危险因素是可以预防的，包括高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病、空气污染、肥胖、吸烟、缺乏体育活动和不健康的饮食摄入。新出现的危险因素包括睡眠过多或过少、抑郁、社会孤立、空气/噪音污染以及暴露于极端阳光、砷、铅、镉和铜中。
心血管疾病及其危险因素的负担因人口统计学和地理区域而异。应对心血管疾病需要多方面的策略，包括针对特定区域的干预措施、解决社会经济不平等问题、采用生命历程风险管理、加强医疗保健劳动力以及提高健康素养。
