Dezawa Mari
Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2025 Mar 27;13:1553382. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1553382. eCollection 2025.
Muse cells are endogenous reparative stem cells with dual characteristics: pluripotent-like and macrophage-like. They can be identified by the pluripotent surface marker stage-specific embryonic antigen-3-positive (SSEA-3 (+)) cells in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and various organs, including the umbilical cord and amnion. Muse cells can differentiate into ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal lineage cells, self-renew, and selectively migrate to damaged sites by sensing one of the universal tissue damage signals, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). At these sites, they phagocytose damaged/apoptotic cells and differentiate into the same cell type as the phagocytosed cells. In this manner, Muse cells replace damaged/apoptotic cells with healthy, functioning cells, thereby repairing tissues. Due to their specific immunosuppressive and immunotolerant mechanism, clinical trials have been conducted for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), subacute ischemic stroke, epidermolysis bullosa, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cervical spinal cord injury, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), and COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. These trials involved the intravenous injection of ∼1.5 × 10 donor Muse cells without human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching or immunosuppressant treatment, and they demonstrated safety and therapeutic efficacy. Thus, donor Muse cell treatment does not require gene manipulation, differentiation induction, or surgical intervention. These unique characteristics distinguish Muse cells from other somatic stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, VSEL stem cells, and marrow-isolated adult multi-lineage inducible (MIAMI) cells.
类多能性和类巨噬细胞性。它们可通过骨髓、外周血以及包括脐带和羊膜在内的各种器官中的多能表面标志物阶段特异性胚胎抗原-3阳性（SSEA-3(+)）细胞来识别。缪斯细胞可分化为外胚层、内胚层和中胚层谱系细胞，自我更新，并通过感知一种普遍的组织损伤信号——鞘氨醇-1-磷酸（S1P），选择性迁移至受损部位。在这些部位，它们吞噬受损/凋亡细胞，并分化为与被吞噬细胞相同的细胞类型。通过这种方式，缪斯细胞用健康、有功能的细胞替代受损/凋亡细胞，从而修复组织。由于其特定的免疫抑制和免疫耐受机制，已针对急性心肌梗死（AMI）、亚急性缺血性中风、大疱性表皮松解症、肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）、颈脊髓损伤、新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）和新型冠状病毒肺炎急性呼吸窘迫综合征开展了临床试验。这些试验涉及静脉注射约1.5×10个供体缪斯细胞，无需进行人类白细胞抗原（HLA）配型或免疫抑制治疗，并且证明了其安全性和治疗效果。因此，供体缪斯细胞治疗不需要基因操作、诱导分化或手术干预。这些独特特性使缪斯细胞有别于其他体细胞干细胞，如间充质干细胞、非常小胚胎样干细胞（VSEL干细胞）和骨髓分离的成人多谱系诱导（MIAMI）细胞。
