Joint resting state and structural networks characterize pediatric bipolar patients compared to healthy controls: a multimodal fusion approach.

Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is a highly debilitating condition, characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression, with intervening periods of remission. Limited information is available about the functional and structural abnormalities in PBD, particularly when comparing type I with type II subtypes. Resting-state brain activity and structural grey matter, assessed through MRI, may provide insight into the neurobiological biomarkers of this disorder. In this study, Resting state Regional Homogeneity (ReHo) and grey matter concentration (GMC) data of 58 PBD patients, and 21 healthy controls matched for age, gender, education and IQ, were analyzed in a data fusion unsupervised machine learning approach known as transposed Independent Vector Analysis. Two networks significantly differed between BPD and HC. The first network included fronto- medial regions, such as the medial and superior frontal gyrus, the cingulate, and displayed higher ReHo and GMC values in PBD compared to HC. The second network included temporo-posterior regions, as well as the insula, the caudate and the precuneus and displayed lower ReHo and GMC values in PBD compared to HC. Additionally, two networks differ between type-I vs type-II in PBD: an occipito-cerebellar network with increased ReHo and GMC in type-I compared to type-II, and a fronto-parietal network with decreased ReHo and GMC in type-I compared to type-II. Of note, the first network positively correlated with depression scores. These findings shed new light on the functional and structural abnormalities displayed by pediatric bipolar patients.