Rotundo Salvatore, Serapide Francesca, Berardelli Lavinia, Gullì Sara Palma, Mongiardi Simona, Tassone Maria Teresa, Trecarichi Enrico Maria, Russo Alessandro
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy.
Infectious Diseases Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Crotone, Italy.
BMC Infect Dis. 2025 Apr 28;25(1):616. doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-11012-3.
Immunocompromised (IC) patients face significant challenges in managing COVID-19 due to their heightened susceptibility to severe illness, persistent infections, and the potential development of drug resistance. Studies indicate that IC patients, particularly those with hematologic malignancies (HM), hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCTR), or solid organ transplants (SOTR), experience higher mortality rates and worse outcomes compared to the general population, even post-vaccination. The persistence of the virus in these patients, combined with its rapid mutation, further complicates treatment. Recent evidence supports the use of combined neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) as a more effective approach to viral clearance, reducing mortality, and preventing relapses. However, the rise of resistant variants, especially to mAbs, and concerns about the safety of prolonged or intensive therapies pose ongoing challenges. Monotherapies often fail short to address these issues, highlighting the need for early combined therapy (ECT) with mAbs and DAAs. ECT has shown promise in managing COVID-19 in IC individuals by targeting multiple stages of the viral lifecycle, reducing viral load, and clearing infections at earlier stages, which helps mitigate the risks of severe disease and drug resistance. Continued research is essential to refine these treatment protocols, especially as the virus evolves. Although further studies are needed, current findings suggest that ECT may become the standard of care for managing COVID-19 in severely IC patients, offering better clinical outcomes and hindering viral persistence.
免疫功能低下(IC)患者在应对新冠病毒病(COVID-19)时面临重大挑战,因为他们更容易罹患重症、遭受持续性感染以及产生耐药性。研究表明,与普通人群相比,IC患者,尤其是那些患有血液系统恶性肿瘤(HM)、接受造血干细胞移植(HSCTR)或实体器官移植(SOTR)的患者,即使在接种疫苗后,死亡率也更高,预后更差。病毒在这些患者体内持续存在,再加上其快速变异,使治疗更加复杂。最近的证据支持使用联合中和单克隆抗体(mAb)和直接作用抗病毒药物(DAA)作为一种更有效的病毒清除方法,可降低死亡率并预防复发。然而,耐药变异株的出现,尤其是对mAb的耐药,以及对长期或强化治疗安全性的担忧,带来了持续的挑战。单一疗法往往无法解决这些问题,这凸显了早期联合使用mAb和DAA进行治疗(ECT)的必要性。ECT通过针对病毒生命周期的多个阶段,降低病毒载量,并在早期清除感染,在管理IC个体的COVID-19方面显示出了前景,这有助于降低重症疾病和耐药性的风险。持续研究对于完善这些治疗方案至关重要,尤其是随着病毒的演变。尽管还需要进一步研究,但目前的研究结果表明,ECT可能成为重症IC患者管理COVID-19的标准治疗方法,可提供更好的临床结果并抑制病毒持续存在。
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