Urukalo Jovana, Banwell Helen, Williams Cylie, Morrison Stewart C, Kumar Saravana
Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
Monash University, School of Primary and Allied Health, 47-49 Moorooduc Hwy, Frankstown, Victoria, Australia.
PLoS One. 2025 May 7;20(5):e0320310. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0320310. eCollection 2025.
Flexible flat feet are one of the most common musculoskeletal concerns presenting to paediatric health services, despite this being an expected finding in children under 10 years and only requiring management when symptoms are associated. Understanding which symptoms are associated with symptomatic presentations of flexible flat foot in children will provide clarity in identifying those that require further assessment and/or intervention. A scoping review of the literature was conducted to gather all known symptoms related to symptomatic flexible flat foot in the child. Data was mapped using the 'F-words' framework, a child friendly, six-item tool based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework 11 (ICF-11). This review identified 42 individual symptoms relative to symptomatic presentations of flexible flat foot, which were allocated into five of the six 'F-words' categories (fitness, functioning, friends, family and future). Of these, pain was the most reported symptom, identified in 124 (of 133) included citations, followed by symptoms associated with reduced lower limb function (altered gait patterns, reduced balance and stability and increased tripping), fatigue and reduced participation. Other less frequently reported symptoms include callus formation, night pain and cramps. When present, these symptoms may occur independently or may co-exist at the same time. No symptoms were allocated to the fun category of the 'F-words'. A multitude of symptoms are reportedly associated with symptomatic flexible flatfoot in the child, with no discernible pattern or coherence noted. Further research should examine development and progression of symptoms and seek to better understand causality of relationship between symptoms and foot posture.
柔性扁平足是儿科医疗服务中最常见的肌肉骨骼问题之一，尽管这在10岁以下儿童中是一个常见现象，只有在出现相关症状时才需要治疗。了解哪些症状与儿童柔性扁平足的症状表现相关，将有助于明确哪些儿童需要进一步评估和/或干预。我们对文献进行了范围综述，以收集所有与儿童症状性柔性扁平足相关的已知症状。数据使用“F-词”框架进行映射，这是一个基于国际功能、残疾和健康分类框架11（ICF-11）的适合儿童的六项工具。本综述确定了42种与症状性柔性扁平足症状表现相关的个体症状，这些症状被归入六个“F-词”类别中的五个（健康、功能、朋友、家庭和未来）。其中，疼痛是报告最多的症状，在133篇纳入的文献中有124篇提到，其次是与下肢功能下降相关的症状（步态模式改变、平衡和稳定性降低以及绊倒增加）、疲劳和参与度降低。其他较少报告的症状包括胼胝形成、夜间疼痛和抽筋。当这些症状出现时，它们可能独立出现，也可能同时存在。没有症状被归入“F-词”的“乐趣”类别。据报道，儿童症状性柔性扁平足与多种症状相关，没有明显的模式或连贯性。进一步的研究应检查症状的发展和进展，并试图更好地理解症状与足部姿势之间关系的因果关系。
