Cellular senescence is characterized by irreversible cell-cycle exit, a pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype, macromolecular damage, and deregulated metabolism. Senescent cells are highly associated with age-related diseases. We previously demonstrated that targeted elimination of senescent cells prevents neurodegenerative disease in tau (MAPT;PS19) mutant mice. Here, we show that genetic ablation of the senescence mediator p16 is sufficient to attenuate senescence signatures in PS19 mice. Disease phenotypes-including neuroinflammation, phosphorylated tau, neurodegeneration, and cognitive impairment-were blunted in the absence of p16. Additionally, we found that PS19 mouse brains display p16-dependent neurovascular alterations such as vessel dilation, increased vessel density, deregulated endothelial cell extracellular matrix, and astrocytic endfoot depolarization. Finally, we show that p16 deletion in endothelial cells and microglia alone attenuates many of the same phenotypes. Altogether, these results indicate that neurodegenerative disease in PS19 mice is driven, at least in part, by p16-expressing endothelial cells and microglia.