Flor-Unda Omar, Arcos-Reina Rafael, Nunez-Nagy Susana, Alarcos Bernardo
Ingeniería Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador.
Escuela de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador.
Biomimetics (Basel). 2025 May 21;10(5):340. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics10050340.
Both for design issues and for the study, analysis, and understanding of the interaction of workers with exoskeletons, the study of adverse effects provides criteria to improve the design of more efficient exoskeletons with better ergonomics and long-term usability. In this work, a scoping review was carried out on adverse effects due to the prolonged use of upper-limb exoskeletons, which have been evidenced in the scientific literature. The causes of the effects are described in terms of their impacts on the physiological, psychological, and technological aspects that affect the user. A scoping review of articles of the last ten years on negative effects of upper-extremity exoskeletons for industrial tasks was carried out following the guidelines of the PRISMA methodology with three phases: formulation of questions, definition of scopes and exhaustive search in SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, and PubMed. The selection was made by two review authors with a Cohen's Kappa coefficient of 0.9530, indicating high agreement. The effectiveness of upper-limb exoskeletons depends on the environment and the task, so an adaptable ergonomic design, field validations, and standards are required to ensure their functionality and acceptance. Use of exoskeletons mainly activates the posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi and reduces the activity of muscles such as the trapezius, pectoralis major, anterior and middle deltoids, biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and flexor carpi radialis.
无论是出于设计问题，还是为了研究、分析和理解工人与外骨骼的相互作用，对不良影响的研究都为改进设计更高效、人体工程学更好且长期可用性更高的外骨骼提供了标准。在这项工作中，对长期使用上肢外骨骼所产生的不良影响进行了范围综述，这在科学文献中已有证据。从其对影响用户的生理、心理和技术方面的影响来描述这些影响的原因。按照PRISMA方法的指导方针，分三个阶段对过去十年关于工业任务中上肢外骨骼负面影响的文章进行了范围综述：问题的制定、范围的定义以及在SCOPUS、科学网、Science Direct、泰勒与弗朗西斯和PubMed中进行详尽搜索。由两位综述作者进行筛选，科恩卡帕系数为0.9530，表明一致性很高。上肢外骨骼的有效性取决于环境和任务，因此需要一种适应性强的人体工程学设计、现场验证和标准来确保其功能和可接受性。外骨骼的使用主要激活后三角肌和背阔肌，并减少斜方肌、胸大肌、前三角肌和中三角肌、肱二头肌、肱桡肌和桡侧腕屈肌等肌肉的活动。
