Toward Sustainable Polyurethane Alternatives: A Review of the Synthesis, Applications, and Lifecycle of Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes (NIPUs).

In recent decades, scientific interest has increasingly focused on sustainable and green polymers. Within this context, considerable efforts have been devoted to the synthesis and exploration of eco-friendly non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) as alternatives to conventional polyurethanes (PUs), solving the problem of isocyanate toxicity and other environmental problems that existed. This review article highlights the synthetic pathways of NIPUs and identifies the potential hazards associated with their production and end-of-life (EoL) stages. While in the literature there are several reviews regarding the synthesis of NIPUs, the current work distinguishes itself by providing a comprehensive summary of the latest research on NIPUs, with a particular focus on their lifecycle management, recyclability, and the challenges that hinder their scalability for industrial-level production. Advances in NIPU synthesis have made them strong candidates for a diverse range of applications. This review underscores the most notable examples of these advancements, emphasizing their potential to drive sustainable polymer development.