Malaria Vaccines: Current Achievements and Path Forward.

Malaria remains a significant global health challenge. Although the recent approval of the liver-stage vaccines RTS, S and R21 marks significant progress in malaria control, challenges remain in achieving long-lasting and broad protection. In this review, we provide an overview of the current landscape of malaria control, especially anti-malaria vaccine development. We first review the development of the RTS, S and R21 vaccines, highlighting their efficacy and limitations. We then examine other vaccines in development, including attenuated whole-sporozoite vaccines, as well as blood-stage-targeting vaccines and transmission-blocking vaccines targeting a variety of different immunogens. Additionally, we discuss emerging technologies, such as mRNA-based platforms, nanoparticle delivery systems, and novel adjuvants, assessing their potential to enhance the efficacy and mitigate the waning immunity concerns of most malaria vaccines. We believe that the identification of novel immunogen candidates, together with continued innovation in vaccine design and delivery, will enable us to win the fight against malaria in the future.