Salcido Alexis A, Reyes Neftali F, Macias Andrea Y, Batson Serina A, Beck Dirk W, Friedman Alexander, Goosens Ki A
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2025;1477:205-227. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-89525-8_7.
Our internal and external environments are not stable; these ever-changing contexts produce stress on bodily systems. In response, the body recruits numerous peripheral hormones to bring those systems back within a desired homeostatic range. When our environments change in extreme ways and for prolonged periods of time, a different set of hormonal stress responses are recruited. These chronic stress responses produce adaptive changes but can also drive maladaptation. This chapter begins by reviewing the peripheral hormones that are recruited as part of the acute stress response and describing their adaptive impact on brain and peripheral function. We then examine new research describing the role of ghrelin, a hormone produced by the gut, in chronic stress. We review the role of ghrelin in hunger and consider how energy deficiency, a state shared by both hunger and stress, might explain why ghrelin is elevated by both. We consider how the unique recruitment of ghrelin during chronic stress mediates responses in the brain that can help an organism respond to future stressors, but also how chronic elevation of ghrelin can produce additional adaptations that contribute to stress-sensitive psychiatric disorders. Lastly, we identify important future areas for research on the biology of ghrelin.
我们的内部和外部环境并非稳定不变；这些不断变化的环境会给身体系统带来压力。作为回应，身体会调动多种外周激素，使这些系统恢复到理想的稳态范围。当我们的环境以极端方式并在较长时间内发生变化时，就会引发另一组激素应激反应。这些慢性应激反应会产生适应性变化，但也可能导致适应不良。本章首先回顾作为急性应激反应一部分而被调动的外周激素，并描述它们对大脑和外周功能的适应性影响。然后，我们将审视关于胃饥饿素（一种由肠道产生的激素）在慢性应激中作用的新研究。我们将回顾胃饥饿素在饥饿中的作用，并思考能量缺乏（饥饿和应激共有的一种状态）如何解释胃饥饿素在两者情况下均升高的原因。我们将探讨慢性应激期间胃饥饿素的独特调动如何介导大脑中的反应，这些反应既能帮助生物体应对未来的应激源，也会思考胃饥饿素的慢性升高如何产生额外的适应性变化，进而导致对压力敏感的精神障碍。最后，我们确定未来关于胃饥饿素生物学研究的重要领域。
