Regulatory T cells (T cells) are immunosuppressive CD4 T cells defined by expression of the transcription factor Foxp3. Genetic loss-of-function mutations in cause lethal multiorgan autoimmune inflammation resulting from defects in T cell development and suppressive activity. Whether T cells are continuously dependent on Foxp3 is still unclear. Here, we leveraged chemically induced protein degradation to show that functionally suppressive T cells in healthy organs can persist in the near-complete absence of Foxp3 protein for at least 10 days. Conversely, T cells responding to type 1 inflammation in settings of autoimmunity, viral infection, or cancer were selectively lost upon Foxp3 protein depletion. Acute degradation experiments revealed that Foxp3 acts mostly as a direct transcriptional repressor and modulates responsiveness to cytokine stimulation. This inflammation-dependent requirement for continuous Foxp3 activity enabled induction of a selective antitumor immune response upon systemic Foxp3 depletion, without causing deleterious T cell expansion in healthy organs.