Alshehri Ghadah H, Al-Kuraishy Hayder M, Alsfouk Bshra A, Al-Gareeb Ali I, Faheem Safaa A, Alexiou Athanasios, Papadakis Marios, Batiha Gaber El-Saber
Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Mol Neurobiol. 2025 Jun 9. doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-05126-7.
Metformin is an anti-diabetic drug used in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Metformin has different pleiotropic effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antithrombotic, and vasculoprotective. Metformin has neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic stroke. Conversely, metformin may exacerbate the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. This controversial point may be related to the impact of metformin on the different signaling pathways, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). Many studies have reported the effect of metformin on ischemic stroke, with AMPK signaling only. However, little has been explored about the impact of metformin on the GDF-15 signaling in ischemic stroke. Accordingly, this review aims to discuss the role of metformin in the neuropathology of ischemic stroke regarding the AMPK and GDF-15 signaling pathways.
二甲双胍是一种用于治疗2型糖尿病（T2D）的抗糖尿病药物。二甲双胍具有多种不同的效应，如抗炎、抗氧化、抗血栓形成和血管保护作用。二甲双胍对神经退行性疾病和缺血性中风具有神经保护作用。相反，二甲双胍可能会加重缺血性中风的发病机制。这一有争议的观点可能与二甲双胍对不同信号通路的影响有关，如AMP激活蛋白激酶（AMPK）和生长分化因子15（GDF-15）。许多研究仅报道了二甲双胍对缺血性中风的影响以及AMPK信号通路。然而，关于二甲双胍对缺血性中风中GDF-15信号通路的影响，人们探索得很少。因此，本综述旨在讨论二甲双胍在缺血性中风神经病理学中关于AMPK和GDF-15信号通路的作用。
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