Bharadwaj Devesh, Kumar Porush, Choudhary Mahendra Pratap
Civil Engineering Department, University Department, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, Rajasthan, India.
Water Environ Res. 2025 Jun;97(6):e70116. doi: 10.1002/wer.70116.
Urban lake water quality is increasingly threatened by rapid urbanization and unregulated anthropogenic activities. This study evaluates the spatial and seasonal water quality of four major urban lakes in Udaipur-Fateh Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, Pichola, and Goverdhan Sagar-using an integrated approach that combines multiple water pollution indices (WQI, CPI, OPI, and EI) and irrigation suitability indices (SAR, KR, Na%, PI, TH, MH, RSC, and RSBC). An interlake comparative analysis was employed to examine spatial-temporal variations, while land use/land cover (LULC) mapping and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to identify dominant pollution sources. Results reveal significant spatial-temporal variation, with Goverdhan Sagar showing the highest pollution levels (WQI > 300, CPI > 1, OPI > 2.5, and EI > 0.01) due to sewage and industrial discharges, while Fateh Sagar had comparatively better water quality. Although irrigation suitability remained largely acceptable, elevated SAR and RSC levels pose long-term risks to soil health. PCA highlighted organic pollution, nutrient enrichment, and industrial effluents as key contributors to degradation. The study presents a replicable multi-index geospatial framework to support sustainable urban lake management and inform targeted pollution control strategies. SUMMARY: The present study evaluates pollution and irrigation suitability in Udaipur's four major lakes using multiple indices (WQI, CPI, OPI, EI, SAR, KR, Na%, and so on). The methodology includes an interlake comparative analysis, LULC analysis, and PCA to identify pollution hotspots and dominant pollution sources. Goverdhan Sagar exhibited the highest pollution (WQI > 300 and CPI > 1), while Fateh Sagar had the least contamination. Eutrophication was highest in Goverdhan Sagar. PCA identified organic pollution, nutrient enrichment, and industrial discharge as primary contributors to water quality degradation. The study recommends improved wastewater treatment, controlled fertilizer use, and land-use regulations to mitigate pollution and ensure sustainable freshwater ecosystems.
城市化进程的加快和无节制的人为活动对城市湖泊水质构成了日益严重的威胁。本研究采用综合方法，结合多种水污染指数（水质指数、化学污染指数、有机污染指数和生态综合指数）以及灌溉适宜性指数（钠吸附比、凯利比率、钠百分比、渗透性指数、总碱度、镁危害、残留碳酸钠和相对钠碱度），对乌代布尔的四个主要城市湖泊——法塔赫萨加尔湖、斯瓦鲁普萨加尔湖、皮丘拉湖和戈瓦尔丹萨加尔湖的水质进行了空间和季节评估。采用湖间比较分析来研究时空变化，同时运用土地利用/土地覆盖（LULC）制图和主成分分析（PCA）来确定主要污染源。结果显示出显著的时空变化，由于污水和工业排放，戈瓦尔丹萨加尔湖的污染水平最高（水质指数>300，化学污染指数>1，有机污染指数>2.5，生态综合指数>0.01），而法塔赫萨加尔湖的水质相对较好。尽管灌溉适宜性在很大程度上仍可接受，但钠吸附比和残留碳酸钠水平的升高对土壤健康构成长期风险。主成分分析突出了有机污染、营养物质富集和工业废水是水质退化的主要因素。该研究提出了一个可复制的多指标地理空间框架，以支持城市湖泊的可持续管理并为有针对性的污染控制策略提供依据。总结：本研究使用多种指数（水质指数、化学污染指数 Organic pollution, nutrient enrichment, and industrial effluents as key contributors to degradation. The study presents a replicable multi-index geospatial framework to support sustainable urban lake management and inform targeted pollution control strategies. SUMMARY: The present study evaluates pollution and irrigation suitability in Udaipur's four major lakes using multiple indices (WQI, CPI, OPI, EI, SAR, KR, Na%, and so on). The methodology includes an interlake comparative analysis, LULC analysis, and PCA to identify pollution hotspots and dominant pollution sources. Goverdhan Sagar exhibited the highest pollution (WQI > 300 and CPI > 1), while Fateh Sagar had the least contamination. Eutrophication was highest in Goverdhan Sagar. PCA identified organic pollution, nutrient enrichment, and industrial discharge as primary contributors to water quality degradation. The study recommends improved wastewater treatment, controlled fertilizer use, and land-use regulations to mitigate pollution and ensure sustainable freshwater ecosystems. 、有机污染指数、生态综合指数、钠吸附比、凯利比率、钠百分比等）评估了乌代布尔四个主要湖泊的污染情况和灌溉适宜性。该方法包括湖间比较分析、土地利用/土地覆盖分析和主成分分析，以确定污染热点和主要污染源。戈瓦尔丹萨加尔湖的污染程度最高（水质指数 > 300，化学污染指数 > 1），而法塔赫萨加尔湖的污染程度最低。戈瓦尔丹萨加尔湖的富营养化程度最高。主成分分析确定有机污染、营养物质富集和工业排放是水质退化的主要因素。该研究建议改善污水处理、控制化肥使用和土地使用法规，以减轻污染并确保淡水生态系统的可持续性。
