Kang Yue, Meng Ling'ao, Bai Shi, Li Shenglong
Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110042, China.
School of Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110870, China.
Mol Cancer. 2025 Jun 23;24(1):183. doi: 10.1186/s12943-025-02358-y.
Breast cancer represents a significant global health concern among women. The intricate processes and pathways underlying metastasis contribute to the challenging prognoses experienced by some patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound structures characterized by phospholipid bilayers, capable of secretion by a multitude of cell types. The contents of these vesicles encompass a diverse assortment of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and cellular metabolites. The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises a complex network involving tumor cells, non-cancerous cells, and an array of molecules they generate and release. Components include the extracellular matrix, cancer-associated fibroblasts, inflammatory immune cells, tumor-associated vasculature, and EVs discharged by these cellular entities. Within the TME, EVs serve as a mechanism akin to the "Trojan Horse," exerting significant influence in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and responses to therapeutic interventions. EVs originating from tumor cells and associated entities within the TME bolster processes such as stimulating angiogenesis adjacent to tumor sites, establishing pre-metastatic niches in distant anatomical regions, and inducing transformative changes in cancer cells to acquire characteristics promoting invasion, angiogenesis, immune evasion, distant metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Noteworthy is the unique capacity of EVs to traverse biological barriers due to their inherent biocompatibility, rendering them promising candidates for innovative drug delivery systems. This attribute presents an avenue to surmount the constraints of traditional cancer treatments. This scholarly inquiry delves into the pathogenic mechanisms of EVs in breast cancer and delves into prospective therapeutic interventions, offering a groundwork for forthcoming precision-guided therapies tailored to breast cancer.
乳腺癌是全球女性健康的重大关注点。转移背后复杂的过程和途径导致一些患者预后不佳。细胞外囊泡（EVs）是具有磷脂双层膜的膜结合结构，多种细胞类型均可分泌。这些囊泡的内容物包括各种脂质、蛋白质、核酸和细胞代谢产物。肿瘤微环境（TME）是一个复杂的网络，涉及肿瘤细胞、非癌细胞以及它们产生和释放的一系列分子。其组成部分包括细胞外基质、癌症相关成纤维细胞、炎性免疫细胞、肿瘤相关脉管系统以及这些细胞实体释放的细胞外囊泡。在肿瘤微环境中，细胞外囊泡起着类似于“特洛伊木马”的作用，在肿瘤的起始、进展、转移以及对治疗干预的反应中发挥着重要影响。源自肿瘤细胞和肿瘤微环境中相关实体的细胞外囊泡促进诸如刺激肿瘤部位附近的血管生成、在远处解剖区域建立前转移微环境以及诱导癌细胞发生转化性变化以获得促进侵袭、血管生成、免疫逃逸、远处转移和化疗耐药的特性等过程。值得注意的是，细胞外囊泡因其固有的生物相容性而具有穿越生物屏障的独特能力，使其成为创新药物递送系统的有前途的候选者。这一特性为克服传统癌症治疗的局限性提供了一条途径。本学术研究深入探讨了细胞外囊泡在乳腺癌中的致病机制，并探究了潜在的治疗干预措施，为即将到来的针对乳腺癌的精准导向治疗奠定了基础。
