Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important raw material for epoxy resins and polycarbonates, widely used in various industrial productions. However, even at low concentrations, exposure to BPA can induce a variety of toxic effects, including neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and metabolic toxicity. The gut microbiota, as a key mediator of the gut-brain axis, plays a crucial role in regulating host health. Changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota can influence the synthesis and release of neurotransmitters, thereby affecting the function of the nervous system. Emerging evidence suggests that modulating the gut microbiota may be a potential strategy to prevent and mitigate BPA toxicity. Prebiotics and probiotics, as key factors in modulating the gut microbiota, can reduce BPA absorption and toxicity by maintaining gut homeostasis and altering the composition and function of the gut microbiota. This review summarizes the mechanisms of gut-brain axis interactions, as well as the toxic effects of BPA on the nervous system, oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, and emotional disturbances. It also explores whether interventions with prebiotics and probiotics can prevent or mitigate the adverse effects of BPA and the occurrence of emotional disorders. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.