Controlling Rater Effects in Divergent Thinking Assessment: An Item Response Theory Approach to Individual Response and Snapshot Scoring.

Scoring divergent thinking (DT) tasks poses significant challenges as differences between raters affect the resulting scores. Item Response Theory (IRT) offers a statistical framework to handle differences in rater severity and discrimination. We applied the IRT framework by re-analysing an open access dataset including three scored DT tasks from 202 participants. After comparing different IRT models, we examined rater severity and discrimination parameters for individual response scoring and snapshot scoring using the best-fitting model-Graded Response Model. Secondly, we compared IRT-adjusted scores with non-adjusted average and max-scoring scores in terms of reliability and fluency confound effect. Additionally, we simulated missing data to assess the robustness of these approaches. Our results showed that IRT models can be applied to both individual response scoring and snapshot scoring. IRT-adjusted and unadjusted scores were highly correlated, indicating that, under conditions of high inter-rater agreement, rater variability in severity and discrimination does not substantially impact scores. Overall, our study confirms that IRT is a valuable statistical framework for modeling rater severity and discrimination for different DT scores, although further research is needed to clarify the conditions under which it offers the greatest practical benefit.