Hydroxytyrosol induced ferroptosis through Nrf2 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells.

In recent years, the incidence of colorectal cancer is still on the rise. The killing of tumor cells through chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy is the mainstay of clinical anticolorectal cancer therapy, but is limited by drug and radiation resistance of tumor cells. Ferroptosis, a novel mode of programmed cell death, plays an important role in antitumor therapy. Ferroptosis inducers have been extensively studied as a strategy to target drug-resistant cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism by which hydroxytyrosol (HT) induces ferroptosis in colorectal cancer cells via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. The goal of this study is to use network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches to screen and confirm hydroxytyrosol targets for the treatment of colorectal cancer. The response of colorectal cancer cells to hydroxytyrosol was assessed by cell viability, colony formation assay and scratch assay. Additionally, molecular techniques, including Western blotting and fluorescent probe technology, were employed. The network pharmacological screen identified 14 core targets. Among these genes, nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) was identified as the top target. Molecular docking revealed enhanced binding activity for HT with targets related to oxidative stress, including Nrf2, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3). HT-induced ferroptosis elevates iron levels, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while decreasing glutathione (GSH) and mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, HT reduced the expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) proteins while increasing the expression of Tfr1 protein. Changes in the expression levels of these proteins led to an increase in soluble iron pools, which in turn promoted lipid peroxidation. Notably, the ferritin deposition inhibitor ferroprostatin-1 (Fer-1) significantly reversed this process. Additionally, the levels of protein expression of Nrf2 and NQO1 were reversed by two activators of Nrf2, bardoxolone (CDDO) and sulforaphane (SFN). In summary, we provide evidence that HT may induce ferroptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Mechanistically, HT induces ferroptosis via the Nrf2 signaling pathway.