Analysis of the mutation rates and male relative differentiation ability of RM Y-STRs in the Chinese Han population.

Rapidly mutating Y-STRs (RM Y-STRs) have significant application value in differentiating both related and unrelated males. In this study, 26 RM Y-STRs from 367 father-son pairs revealed a total of 224 repeat mutations across all the markers and pairs. The average mutation rate per marker was 18.2 × 10, ranging from < 2.7 × 10 for DYS1007 and DYS626 to 46.7 × 10 for DYS712. The mutation rates of DYS1007, DYS626, DYF403S1b, DYS518, DYS570, and DYS449 were lower than 10. We integrated previously published RM Y-STR data from both Chinese and international populations. The locus mutation rate ranged from 4.5 × 10 for DYS1007 to 54.5 × 10 for DYF399S1 in the combined Chinese Han population and from 10.0 × 10 for DYF403S1b to 73.6 × 10 for DYF399S1 in the combined international population. Notably, the mutation rates of DYS1007, DYF399S1, DYS570, DYS612, and DYS526b were significantly lower in the combined Chinese Han population than in the combined international population. For male relatives separated by 1 to 4 meioses, the differentiation rates based on these 26 RM Y-STRs were 36.5%, 55.9%, 74.2%, and 79.2%, respectively. Yfiler Plus shows differentiation rates of 16.1%, 26.6%, 45.2%, and 60.4%, respectively. The Y41SE-v1.2 differentiation rates (30 Y-STRs) were 13.4%, 21.3%, 35.5%, and 35.8%, respectively. Overall, the differentiation rates using all 56 Y-STRs were 44.7%, 64.9%, 87.1%, and 92.5%, respectively. For unrelated males, the haplotype discrimination capacity of 26 RM Y-STRs was 100%, the capacity of Yfiler Plus was 99.7%, and the capacity of Y41SE-v1.2 (30 Y-STRs) was 98.6%. Overall, this study provides empirical evidence supporting the ability of 26 RM Y-STRs to differentiate both unrelated males and male relatives in the Chinese Han population.