In recent years, the rapid evolution of cancer therapies has markedly increased patient survival rates. However, the incidence of adverse events caused by anticancer treatments remains high, leading to significant clinical challenges. As the central hub of drug metabolism and detoxification, the liver is susceptible to therapeutic insults. The specific mechanisms of liver injury caused by different types of antineoplastic treatments vary. Chemotherapy induces hepatic damage oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas targeted therapy disrupts signaling pathways in hepatic cells. Immunotherapy triggers immune-mediated hepatitis through cytokine storms and immune cell infiltration, and radiation therapy causes hepatic microvascular injury. Additionally, patients with preexisting chronic liver diseases (such as cirrhosis, hepatitis B/C, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) are more likely to face increased risks of hepatic injury during cancer treatment. Therefore, early detection and timely treatment are crucial for these high-risk populations. This review introduces the emerging field of "oncohepatology", which illuminates the mechanisms underlying hepatic injury due to cancer treatments, summarizes the influence and management of preexisting liver disease during cancer treatment, analyzes diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment-associated liver function damage, and discusses potential future research directions to provide valuable insights for liver injury management in clinical oncology.