As the prevalence of cancer continues to rise in a rapidly aging population, the integration of advancements in computational capabilities with oncological practices presents promising opportunities for enhancing cancer treatment management. modeling has emerged as a key approach for studying the radiobiological aspects of cancer, providing novel pathways for understanding cellular mechanisms and potential future improvements in clinical radiotherapy. This review examines significant advancements and ongoing challenges in simulating the complex interactions of ionizing radiation with cancer cells. We explore the utility and limitations of current models, including agent-based models and hybrid approaches that integrate cellular behavior with radiobiological effects using Monte Carlo tools. The paper highlights key developments that have enabled more accurate simulations of DNA damage, various repair processes, and the influence of the microenvironment on cellular radiosensitivity. Looking ahead, we address the need for further refinement of these models and their integration with experimental data to enhance predictive accuracy and potential clinical applications. The capacity of these models to potentiate personalized cancer therapy is emphasized, highlighting the ongoing shift towards more comprehensive and sophisticated computational approaches.