Role of depressive symptoms in accelerating cardiovascular diseases progression in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3: A nationwide prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association of depressive symptoms with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in middle-aged and older adults with Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome stages 0-3 and to assess whether this association varies by CKM syndrome stages. Also, interactions of depressive symptoms with CKM syndrome stages in relation to CVD risk were evaluated.

METHODS

This study analyzed data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Incident CVD events were identified based on self-reported physician-diagnosed (Participants were asked whether they had ever been diagnosed with disease by a physician). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association between depressive symptoms and CVD risk with interaction analyses across CKM syndrome stages.

RESULTS

Among 3440 participants, 1833 (53.3 %) were women. Over the 7-year follow-up, 696 (20.2 %) developed CVD. After full adjustment, elevated depressive symptoms were associated with a 27.0 % higher CVD risk (HR, 1.27; 95 % CI, 1.07-1.50). Of the 10 individual depressive symptoms, only restless sleep (HR, 1.23; 95 % CI, 1.04-1.44), loneliness (HR, 1.26; 95 % CI, 1.05-1.52), and bothered by little things (HR, 1.21; 95 % CI, 1.01-1.45) were significantly associated with incident CVD. Moreover, depressive symptoms and CKM syndrome stages exhibited both multiplicative and additive interactions. Notably, in CKM syndrome stage 3, depressive symptoms were associated with a 36.0 % higher CVD risk (HR, 1.36; 95 % CI, 1.09-1.70).

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated depressive symptoms are associated with increased CVD risk in middle-aged and older adults with CKM syndrome stages 0-3, with a synergistic effect observed as CKM syndrome progresses. Highlighting the integration of mental health assessments into CKM risk stratification may enhance early intervention strategies and reduce CVD burden.