Mann Jesheen, Uthayanan Leshanth, Gulia Vikas
Internal Medicine, George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust, Nuneaton, GBR.
Anaesthesia, George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust, Nuneaton, GBR.
Cureus. 2025 Jul 2;17(7):e87186. doi: 10.7759/cureus.87186. eCollection 2025 Jul.
Standard treatment for complicated parapneumonic effusion is antibiotic therapy and drainage of the infected pleural fluid. Complicated effusions refractory to standard treatment require further interventions such as intrapleural fibrinolysis. This is effective for patients with loculated effusions as local fibrinolytics administered via a chest drain can break down the septations. Common complications include intrapleural bleeding, hypersensitivity, pain and discomfort with fibrinolytics, but no studies, to our knowledge, have reported pericardial haemorrhage. In this case report, we describe a 75-year-old female who presented with dyspnoea, mucopurulent cough and intermittent fever. She was diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. A chest radiograph revealed pleural effusion suggestive of parapneumonic effusion. Further computed tomography (CT) imaging showed a complicated parapneumonic effusion with loculations that were drained by an ultrasound-guided chest drain. As there was inadequate drainage, local fibrinolytics were administered. On the third administration of alteplase and dornase alfa, the patient deteriorated with a drop in haemoglobin and presented with muffled heart sounds, jugular venous distension, and low-normal systolic blood pressure (Beck's triad). A clinical suspicion of pericardial effusion was made and confirmed by echocardiography. CT imaging revealed a high-density effusion as measured with the Hounsfield Unit, supporting the likelihood of a haemorrhagic pericardial effusion. Subsequently, the patient was stabilised with conservative management, close observation, and input from the intensive treatment unit team. In conclusion, we report pericardial haemorrhage as a rare complication of local fibrinolytic therapy that can be managed conservatively.
复杂性类肺炎性胸腔积液的标准治疗方法是抗生素治疗以及引流感染的胸腔积液。对标准治疗无效的复杂性胸腔积液需要进一步干预,如胸腔内纤维蛋白溶解疗法。这对有包裹性胸腔积液的患者有效,因为通过胸腔引流管给予局部纤维蛋白溶解剂可以分解分隔。常见并发症包括胸腔内出血、超敏反应、使用纤维蛋白溶解剂时的疼痛和不适,但据我们所知,尚无研究报道心包出血。在本病例报告中,我们描述了一名75岁女性,她出现呼吸困难、黏液脓性咳嗽和间歇性发热。她被诊断为社区获得性肺炎。胸部X线片显示胸腔积液,提示类肺炎性胸腔积液。进一步的计算机断层扫描(CT)成像显示为复杂性类肺炎性胸腔积液伴包裹,通过超声引导下的胸腔引流管进行引流。由于引流不充分,给予了局部纤维蛋白溶解剂。在第三次给予阿替普酶和 Dornase alfa时,患者病情恶化,血红蛋白下降,并出现心音低钝、颈静脉怒张和收缩压略低于正常(贝克三联征)。临床怀疑有心包积液,并经超声心动图证实。CT成像显示以亨氏单位测量的高密度积液,支持出血性心包积液的可能性。随后,通过保守治疗、密切观察以及重症监护病房团队介入,患者病情稳定。总之,我们报告心包出血是局部纤维蛋白溶解疗法的一种罕见并发症,可通过保守治疗处理。