Elevated exposure to phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers among urban and rural Egyptian children: Biomonitoring and health risk assessment.

Due to public health concerns, phthalates have been replaced with non-phthalate plasticizers. However, the exposure profile of phthalates and their substitutes in Egyptian children is mostly unknown. We collected urine samples and assessed the exposure to both phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers in children in urban (Giza) and rural (Gharbiya) regions of Egypt (n = 100 each region, 8-11 years old). DEHP metabolites were detected at the highest levels (median sum of metabolites at 289.6 ng/mL in the rural area). Among non-phthalates, DEHTP metabolites were most frequently detected. Some urinary DEHP metabolites exhibited statistically significant regional variation, whereas MEP levels differed significantly by gender. Notably, urinary metabolite levels of most phthalates in the Egyptian children were among the highest compared to several national biomonitoring reports and other smaller-scale investigations conducted elsewhere. More than 90 % of the participating children exhibited HIs exceeding 1, with DEHP and DnBP identified as the primary risk drivers. Urinary metabolite concentrations of major phthalates were related to contact with several food-related sources and personal care products. This study reveals that Egyptian children are exposed to substantially high levels of phthalates and alternative plasticizers, and are at high health risks. Further research is warranted to identify exposure sources among the children at high risk and develop effective exposure mitigation strategies.