Physician Orders for Waiting Room Patients: Ethical Considerations.

With increasing emergency department (ED) boarding and crowding, EDs have introduced several novel care-delivery initiatives including split-flow models (e.g., fast tracks), non-linear patient flow models (e.g., protocol bays), nursing triage order sets, physician-in-triage, and the use of non-traditional care areas (e.g., ED hallways). One such emerging practice is the placement of orders for patients in the waiting room (WR) by physicians prior to in-person physician evaluation (e.g., based on triage documentation and the patient's medical record). This paper describes key ethical obligations to WR patients that support this practice, as well as other considerations that must be balanced against these obligations, including potential risks.