Balzamino Bijorn Omar, Biamonte Filippo, Micera Alessandra
Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Sciences, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy.
Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS-CeMAD Translational Research Laboratories-Digestive Disease Center CeMAD, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, 00168 Rome, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jul 30;26(15):7352. doi: 10.3390/ijms26157352.
Recent findings highlight that Reelin, a glycoprotein involved in neural development, synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation, plays some specific roles in neurodegenerative disorders associated with aging, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reelin modulates synaptic function and guarantees homeostasis in neuronal-associated organs/tissues (brain and retina). The expression of Reelin is dysregulated in these neurological disorders, showing common pathways depending on chronic neurogenic inflammation and/or dysregulation of the extracellular matrix in which Reelin plays outstanding roles. Recently, the relationship between AMD and AD has gained increasing attention as they share many common risk factors (aging, genetic/epigenetic background, smoking, and malnutrition) and histopathological lesions, supporting certain pathophysiological crosstalk between these two diseases, especially regarding neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular complications. Outside the nervous system, Reelin is largely produced at the gastrointestinal epithelial level, in close association with innervated regions. The expression of Reelin receptors inside the gut suggests interesting aspects in the field of the gut-brain-eye axis, as dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota has been frequently described in neurodegenerative and behavioral disorders (AD, autism, and anxiety and/or depression), most probably linked to inflammatory, neurogenic mediators, including Reelin. Herein we examined previous and recent findings on Reelin and neurodegenerative disorders, offering findings on Reelin's potential relation with the gut-brain and gut-brain-eye axes and providing novel attractive hypotheses on the gut-brain-eye link through neuromodulator and microbiota interplay. Neurodegenerative disorders will represent the ground for a future starting point for linking the common neurodegenerative biomarkers (β-amyloid and tau) and the new proteins probably engaged in counteracting neurodegeneration and synaptic loss.
最近的研究结果表明,Reelin这种参与神经发育、突触可塑性和神经炎症的糖蛋白,在与衰老相关的神经退行性疾病中发挥着一些特定作用,如年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)。Reelin调节突触功能并保证神经元相关器官/组织(大脑和视网膜)的内环境稳定。在这些神经疾病中,Reelin的表达失调,显示出依赖于慢性神经源性炎症和/或细胞外基质失调的共同途径,而Reelin在其中发挥着重要作用。最近,AMD和AD之间的关系越来越受到关注,因为它们有许多共同的风险因素(衰老、遗传/表观遗传背景、吸烟和营养不良)以及组织病理学病变,这支持了这两种疾病之间存在一定的病理生理相互作用,特别是在神经炎症、氧化应激和血管并发症方面。在神经系统之外,Reelin主要在胃肠道上皮水平产生,与神经支配区域密切相关。肠道内Reelin受体的表达提示了肠-脑-眼轴领域的有趣方面,因为肠道微生物群的失调在神经退行性和行为障碍(AD、自闭症以及焦虑和/或抑郁)中经常被描述,很可能与包括Reelin在内的炎症性神经源性介质有关。在此,我们研究了关于Reelin和神经退行性疾病的既往及最新研究结果,提供了Reelin与肠-脑和肠-脑-眼轴潜在关系的研究结果,并通过神经调节剂和微生物群的相互作用,就肠-脑-眼联系提出了新的有吸引力的假说。神经退行性疾病将成为未来连接常见神经退行性生物标志物(β-淀粉样蛋白和tau蛋白)以及可能参与对抗神经退行性变和突触丧失的新蛋白质的起点。
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