Almeida Arlen Carvalho de Oliveira, Rodrigues Paloma Almeida, Costa Marion Pereira da, Conte-Junior Carlos Adam
Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2025 Sep;24(5):e70268. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.70268.
Goat milk is a culturally and nutritionally significant food worldwide, yet its safety regarding toxic and trace elements remains poorly defined. The absence of geographically balanced surveillance and the variability in contamination across rural, urban, and industrial environments limit reliable risk assessment for human exposure. We hypothesized that raw goat milk acts as a sentinel matrix for chronic exposure to toxic and potentially toxic elements, with risks strongly influenced by production systems and environmental contexts. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to systematically synthesize evidence from 20 studies conducted across Asia, Europe, and North Africa, quantifying toxic metals (arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury) and essential elements (chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, and aluminum) relative to thresholds established by the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Results revealed pronounced heterogeneity, with lead reaching 0.382 ± 0.0026 mg/L in rural Algeria, chromium peaking at 16.423 ± 0.349 mg/L in industrial Asaluyeh and 14.211 ± 0.205 mg/L in rural Kaki, Iran, and pediatric estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for Cr up to 2.74 × 10 mg/L body weight/day, whereas target hazard quotients (THQs) and hazard index (HI) values exceeded safety thresholds by up to two orders of magnitude. These findings demonstrate that raw goat milk is a heterogeneous yet consistent vector of chronic exposure to toxic elements, demanding harmonized monitoring frameworks, regionally adapted regulatory standards, and integrated risk assessments coupling chemical surveillance with agroecological and public health strategies.
山羊奶在全球范围内是一种具有文化和营养意义的食物，但其在有毒和微量元素方面的安全性仍定义不明确。缺乏地域平衡的监测以及农村、城市和工业环境中污染的变异性限制了对人类接触的可靠风险评估。我们假设生山羊奶是慢性接触有毒和潜在有毒元素的哨兵基质，其风险受到生产系统和环境背景的强烈影响。因此，本综述的目的是系统地综合来自亚洲、欧洲和北非进行的20项研究的证据，相对于世界卫生组织（WHO）、欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）和医学研究所（IOM）设定的阈值，对有毒金属（砷、铅、镉和汞）和必需元素（铬、镍、铜、锌、铁、锰和铝）进行量化。结果显示出明显的异质性，在阿尔及利亚农村地区铅含量达到0.382±0.0026mg/L，在伊朗工业城市阿萨卢耶铬含量峰值为16.423±0.349mg/L，在农村卡基为14.211±0.205mg/L，儿童铬的估计每日摄入量（EDI）高达2.74×10mg/（kg体重·天），而目标危害商数（THQ）和危害指数（HI）值超过安全阈值高达两个数量级。这些发现表明，生山羊奶是慢性接触有毒元素的异质但一致的载体，需要统一的监测框架、因地制宜的监管标准以及将化学监测与农业生态和公共卫生策略相结合的综合风险评估。
