The interaction between interleukin-17 A (IL-17 A) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), and its role in immune regulation, is a new research field with broad application potential. This review aims to elucidate the complex relationship between IL-17 A and MSCs in immune regulation, and to provide a theoretical foundation and new insights for the development of immunotherapy strategies based on MSCs in the future. The review begins by summarizing the basic characteristics of IL-17 A and the immunomodulatory function of MSCs, and then delves into the regulation of IL-17 A by MSCs and the impact of IL-17 A on the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs and its potential mechanisms. MSCs can regulate IL-17 A by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation and modulating the expression of the IL-17 receptor. IL-17 A can influence the immunomodulatory function of MSCs through various means, including enhancing the immunosuppressive effects of MSCs, promoting the migration and homing of MSCs, and stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs. Consequently, in terms of clinical application prospects, the potential value of the interaction between IL-17 A and MSCs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, regenerative medicine, tumor treatment, and other fields offers a novel perspective.