He Qinrong, Wang Huxi, Zhang Jungang, Ghahremani Arekhloo Negin, Karagiorgis Xenofon, Yalagala Bhavani Prasad, Skabara Peter J, Heidari Hadi, Zeze Dagou A, Hosseini Ensieh S
Department of Engineering, Durham University, DH1 3LE Durham, U.K.
Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
ACS Appl Electron Mater. 2025 Jul 14;7(16):7562-7571. doi: 10.1021/acsaelm.5c00548. eCollection 2025 Aug 26.
As wearable electronics advance, there is a growing need for flexible sensors with high sensitivity to detect even the slightest mechanical stimuli for real-time monitoring across various applications. This study presents a poly-(vinylidene fluoride--trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE)-based flexible piezoelectric sensor, developed by electrospinning a composite of PVDF-TrFE and barium titanate (BaTiO). The PVDF-TrFE with 3 wt % BaTiO, referred to as PVDF-TrFE (3 wt % BTO), exhibits higher crystallinity, increased β-phase content, and enhanced piezoelectric response, achieving a pressure sensitivity of 0.37 V/kPa within a pressure range of 6.4-16 kPa at a fixed frequency of 7 Hz. The flexible sensor developed is also characterized by its ability to detect lower pressure ranges with a linear pressure sensitivity of 0.18 V/kPa over a range of 6.4-22.4 kPa at a fixed frequency of 2 Hz. It also exhibits a frequency sensitivity of 0.7 V/Hz within a frequency range of 2-5 Hz at a constant pressure of 6.4 kPa. The fabricated sensors were integrated with a microcontroller and wireless data transfer system to form a wearable sensor patch that detects biomechanical signals such as wrist bending and radial artery pulse signals, ensuring reliable monitoring of biomechanical signals. Furthermore, spatially sensitive detection was achieved by creating a 3 × 3 pressure array sensor to pinpoint pressure locations. With the wireless data transfer system, sensor signals can be sent to a smartphone, which acts as a pressure locator to track external force positions. This work demonstrates that the pressure sensing device developed using the PVDF-TrFE (3 wt % BTO) sensor has significant and promising potential for real-time physiological detection and wearable healthcare monitoring.
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