Bhat Shrivatsa, Shehhi Maryam, Jalil Maira, Azad Sukriti, Doshi Joy D, Safarullah Sameena
Internal Medicine, Namma Clinic Lakshminagara, Udupi, IND.
Internal Medicine, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, ARE.
Cureus. 2025 Jul 30;17(7):e89053. doi: 10.7759/cureus.89053. eCollection 2025 Jul.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, is a major health concern in the U.S., with smoking as its leading risk factor. Understanding the role of demographic and socioeconomic factors is crucial for targeted public health strategies.
This study investigated the link between smoking and self-reported COPD among U.S. adults, also assessing the impact of demographic variables (age, gender, and race) and socioeconomic variables (education and income) on this association.
A retrospective study was conducted using data from the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The outcome variable was self-reported COPD status, and the main exposure was smoking status (Yes/No). Control variables included age, gender, race, education level, and annual income. Statistical analyses included cross-tabulations, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate associations.
Smokers had significantly higher odds of reporting COPD compared to non-smokers (OR: 3.879; 95% CI: 3.7809-3.9792). The strongest associations were seen in individuals aged 45-64 years (OR: 5.241) and females (OR: 4.337). White non-Hispanic smokers had the highest odds among racial groups (OR: 4.118). Smokers with lower education levels (OR: 3.059) and incomes below $50,000 (OR: 3.103) also showed elevated odds of reporting COPD.
Smoking is strongly associated with self-reported COPD across demographic and socioeconomic groups. The findings highlight increased risk among middle-aged adults, females, White non-Hispanic individuals, and those with lower income and education. Public health efforts should prioritize cessation programs tailored to these high-risk populations.
慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD），包括慢性支气管炎和肺气肿，是美国主要的健康问题，吸烟是其主要危险因素。了解人口统计学和社会经济因素的作用对于有针对性的公共卫生策略至关重要。
本研究调查了美国成年人吸烟与自我报告的慢性阻塞性肺疾病之间的联系，同时评估人口统计学变量（年龄、性别和种族）和社会经济变量（教育程度和收入）对这种关联的影响。
使用2022年行为危险因素监测系统（BRFSS）的数据进行回顾性研究。结果变量是自我报告的慢性阻塞性肺疾病状况，主要暴露因素是吸烟状况（是/否）。控制变量包括年龄、性别、种族、教育水平和年收入。统计分析包括交叉表分析，并计算了具有95%置信区间（CI）的比值比（OR）以评估关联。
与非吸烟者相比，吸烟者报告慢性阻塞性肺疾病的几率显著更高（OR：3.879；95%CI：3.7809-3.9792）。在45-64岁的个体（OR：5.241）和女性（OR：4.337）中观察到最强的关联。非西班牙裔白人吸烟者在种族群体中的几率最高（OR：4.118）。教育水平较低的吸烟者（OR：3.059）和收入低于50,000美元的吸烟者（OR：3.103）报告慢性阻塞性肺疾病的几率也有所升高。
吸烟与不同人口统计学和社会经济群体自我报告的慢性阻塞性肺疾病密切相关。研究结果突出了中年成年人、女性、非西班牙裔白人个体以及收入和教育水平较低者的风险增加。公共卫生工作应优先针对这些高危人群制定戒烟计划。
