Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Ovarian Development and Differences in Energy Metabolism Between Reproduction and Growth During Ovarian Development in the .

Fish reproduction requires suitable salinity and temperature, as well as sufficient energy. This study investigated temperature and salinity effects on ovarian development of and energy metabolism differences between reproduction and growth. Two salinities (4‱ and 30‱) and temperatures (18 ± 1 °C and 30 ± 1 °C) formed four treatments: SWNT (30‱, 30 ± 1 °C), SWLT (30‱, 18 ± 1 °C), FWLT (4‱, 18 ± 1 °C), and FWNT (4‱, 30 ± 1 °C). GSI and sex hormones (FSH, LH, E2, and 17α,20β-DHP) were measured. Transcriptome analysis explored how temperature and salinity regulate ovarian development in , while integrated transcriptomic and targeted energy metabolomic analyses revealed energy metabolism differences between ovary and muscle during this process. The results showed that low salinity (4‱) and low temperature (18 ± 1 °C) synergistically promoted ovarian development in the FWLT group, as indicated by a significant increase in GSI and elevated levels of key sex hormones (FSH, LH, E2, and 17α,20β-DHP). Transcriptome analysis showed that low temperature activated pathways involved in steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation, and meiosis, and genes such as , , , , and were significantly upregulated. Salinity changes mainly affected amino acid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, and the insulin signaling pathway. Genes such as and may regulate ovarian development by regulating hormone synthesis and energy metabolism. Comprehensive transcriptome and metabolome analyses show that glycolysis is downregulated and oxidative phosphorylation is upregulated in the ovary, suggesting that ovarian oogenesis tends to be energized by aerobic metabolism. The TCA cycle may be used more for providing biosynthetic precursors and facilitating the transport of substrates between the mitochondrion and the cytoplasm rather than just as a source of ATP. Muscle tissue relies primarily on glycolysis for rapid energy production and may redistribute energy to the gonads, prioritizing the energy needs of the ovaries and contributing to the dynamic balance between reproduction and growth. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of how environmental factors regulate fish reproduction, providing a theoretical basis and potential molecular targets for the regulation of reproduction and optimization of aquaculture environments.