Aldalaeen Muamar O, Haddad Rabia H, Alhusamiah Bushra Kh, Abuejheisheh Ashraf Jehad
Faculty of Nursing Philadelphia University Amman Jordan.
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Middle East University Amman Jordan.
Health Sci Rep. 2025 Sep 14;8(9):e71245. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.71245. eCollection 2025 Sep.
Periodontitis is a widespread inflammatory disease that impacts the tissues surrounding and supporting teeth. As well as being untreated, it leads to serious dental and overall health issues. While cigarette smoking is widely recognized as a major risk factor for the development and progression of periodontitis, the effects of vaping use on periodontal health remain a subject of growing concern.
This paper aims to investigate the impact of both traditional smoking and vaping use on periodontal health, as well as determine which method poses a greater risk for periodontal disease.
The current systematic review adhered to the PRISMA standards for quantitative systematic reviews. A systematic search was conducted across four databases: Medline, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), yielding 2179 studies. Duplicate studies ( = 585) were identified and removed using RefWorks.
The result of this review revealed that cigarette smokers experience worse periodontal conditions than vape smokers and non-smokers. Cigarette smokers exhibited higher Gingival Index (GI), poorer Plaque Index (PI), lower Bleeding on Probing (BOP), mean Probing Depth (PD) exceeding 3 mm, and greater Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL). A total of 13 studies were included in this systematic review. Specifically, six studies compared cigarette smokers with vaping smokers and non-smokers, while another six studies focused on the comparison between cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Furthermore, one study assessed vaping smokers against non-smokers.
This review focuses on the substantial differences in periodontal health between cigarette smokers, vape users, and nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking has been linked to more severe periodontal diseases, including a higher Gingival Index, a lower Plaque Index, and worse Clinical Attachment Loss. While vaping seems to have a lower influence on periodontal health, it deserves further examination. Understanding these distinctions is critical for creating targeted therapies and public health measures to reduce the negative impacts of tobacco and vaping on oral health.
牙周炎是一种广泛存在的炎症性疾病，会影响牙齿周围和支撑牙齿的组织。若不加以治疗，它会导致严重的牙齿问题和整体健康问题。虽然吸烟被广泛认为是牙周炎发生和发展的主要危险因素，但吸电子烟对牙周健康的影响仍是一个日益受到关注的话题。
本文旨在研究传统吸烟和吸电子烟对牙周健康的影响，并确定哪种方式对牙周疾病构成更大风险。
本次系统评价遵循定量系统评价的PRISMA标准。在四个数据库中进行了系统检索：Medline、CINAHL、Embase和Cochrane对照试验中央注册库（CENTRAL），共检索到2179项研究。使用RefWorks识别并剔除重复研究（n = 585）。
本评价结果显示，吸烟者的牙周状况比吸电子烟者和非吸烟者更差。吸烟者的牙龈指数（GI）更高，菌斑指数（PI）更差，探诊出血（BOP）更低，平均探诊深度（PD）超过3毫米，临床附着丧失（CAL）更大。本系统评价共纳入13项研究。具体而言，六项研究比较了吸烟者与吸电子烟者和非吸烟者，另外六项研究则侧重于吸烟者与非吸烟者之间的比较。此外，一项研究评估了吸电子烟者与非吸烟者。
本评价聚焦于吸烟者、吸电子烟者和非吸烟者在牙周健康方面的显著差异。吸烟与更严重的牙周疾病有关，包括更高的牙龈指数、更低的菌斑指数和更差的临床附着丧失。虽然吸电子烟对牙周健康的影响似乎较小，但仍值得进一步研究。了解这些差异对于制定有针对性的治疗方法和公共卫生措施以减少烟草和电子烟对口腔健康的负面影响至关重要。
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