The role of calcium in excitation--contraction coupling in crustacean muscle fibers.

The evidence that calcium (Ca) plays an important role in electrical activity and an essential role in excitation--contraction (E--C) coupling in crustacean muscles is reviewed. These muscles produce graded electrical and mechanical responses to applied depolarizations. Removal of Ca from the bath solution eliminates both responses. Addition of Ba2+ or Sr2+ to Ca-free saline restores membrane electrogenesis, and all-or-none action potentials can be induced. With Sr2+ vigorous contractions are produced, whereas Ba action potentials evoke minimal or no tension, showing that rapid depolarization of the membrane potential is not sufficient per se for E--C coupling in crab and barnacle muscle. Several inorganic (e.g., multivalent cations) and organic (e.g., aminoglycoside antibiotics) which block membrane Ca channels block electrogenesis and contraction. However, the "Ca antagonists" verapamil and D600 also block Ca uptake at intracellular storage sites, resulting in spontaneous contractions and the delayed relaxation of small contractions associated with residual Ca currents. The evidence that the Ca which enters the fibres needs to release Ca from intracellular storage sites to produce contractions is detailed and discussed. Finally, a model for E--C coupling is discussed. This model includes the sites and mechanisms of action for several chemicals which modify E--C coupling in crustacean muscle fibres.