The achievements of microbiology in the field of chemistry studying, molecular biology and cellular structure of bacteria are reflected in this review. The peculiarities of energetic, synthetic processes in prokaryotes and also the different methods of regulation of their metabolism have been shown. The achievements in the field of new strains construction and creation of biocatalysts on the basis of immobilized cells and enzymes for the biotechnological purposes have been elucidated. The role of microbiology in solving such social problems as the purification of environment from pollution, replenishing the resources of energy and protein which are rapidly exhausted has been shown.