Eberhard M L, Orihel T C
Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 1984;59(5):483-96. doi: 10.1051/parasite/1984595483.
Mansonella has been established as a valid genus, and Tetrapetalonema synonymized with it. Comparative morphological studies have resulted in the restructuring of the Mansonella group. The genus is characterized by the following features: cuticular pre-esophageal ring absent; esophagus slender, poorly differentiated; female tail with four terminal papillae; caudal papillae in male typically clustered around cloaca; and, microfilariae without sheath. Twenty-four species are assigned to the genus Mansonella. Five subgenera are proposed to accommodate these species. The subgeneric groups are distinguished principally on morphological criteria, although host range and geographical distribution are considered. The following systematic classification is proposed: Mansonella (Mansonella) subgen. n., to accommodate those species which have the following morphological features: cephalic extremity with dorsoventral orientation; male tail with tip flattened dorsoventrally; vulva in midesophageal region; and microfilariae without nuclei extending to tip of tail. Type species is M. (M.) ozzardi. Mansonella (Tupainema) subgen. n., to accommodate the single species M. dunni with the following characters: cephalic extremity with lateral orientation and body constricted to form cephalic extremity in shape of hemisphere narrower than body behind it; tip of male tail not flattened dorsoventrally; vulva at or posterior to base of esophagus; and, microfilariae without nuclei to tip of tail. Mansonella (Esslingeria) comb. n., to accommodate those species with the following characters: cephalic extremity with lateral orientation; male tail flattened dorsoventrally at tip or not; vulva in midesophageal region; and, microfilariae with nuclei to tip of tail. Type species is M. (E.) perstans. Mansonella (Tetrapetalonema) comb. n., to accommodate those species with the following characters: cephalic extremity with dorsoventral orientation or with body constricted to form cephalic extremity in shape of hemisphere narrower than body behind it; male tail not flattened at tip; vulva in midesophageal region; and, microfilariae with nuclei to tip of tail. Type species is M. (T.) marmosetae. Mansonella (Sandnema) comb. n., to accommodate those species with the following characters: cephalic extremity rounded, not oriented along lateral or median axis; tip of male tail not flattened; caudal papillae on male tail not clustered around cloaca; vulva near base of esophagus; and, microfilariae with nuclei to tip of tail. Type species is M. (S.) digitata.
曼森丝虫属已被确立为一个有效的属，四瓣丝虫属与之同义。比较形态学研究导致了曼森丝虫类群的重新构建。该属具有以下特征：角质化的食管前环缺失；食管细长，分化程度低；雌虫尾部有四个末端乳突；雄虫的尾乳突通常聚集在泄殖腔周围；微丝蚴无鞘。有24个物种被归入曼森丝虫属。现提出五个亚属来容纳这些物种。亚属类群主要根据形态学标准来区分，不过也会考虑宿主范围和地理分布。现提出以下系统分类：曼森丝虫（曼森丝虫）亚属，用于容纳具有以下形态特征的物种：头部末端呈背腹向；雄虫尾部末端背腹扁平；阴门位于食管中部区域；微丝蚴无核，延伸至尾部末端。模式种为奥氏曼森丝虫（曼森丝虫亚属）。曼森丝虫（图帕丝虫）亚属，用于容纳单一物种邓氏曼森丝虫，其特征如下：头部末端呈侧向，身体收缩形成半球形的头部末端，比其后的身体窄；雄虫尾部末端不背腹扁平；阴门位于食管基部或其后；微丝蚴无核，延伸至尾部末端。曼森丝虫（埃斯林丝虫）组合新名，用于容纳具有以下特征的物种：头部末端呈侧向；雄虫尾部末端背腹扁平或不扁平；阴门位于食管中部区域；微丝蚴有核，延伸至尾部末端。模式种为常现曼森丝虫（埃斯林丝虫亚属）。曼森丝虫（四瓣丝虫）组合新名，用于容纳具有以下特征的物种：头部末端呈背腹向，或身体收缩形成半球形的头部末端，比其后的身体窄；雄虫尾部末端不扁平；阴门位于食管中部区域；微丝蚴有核，延伸至尾部末端。模式种为猴曼森丝虫（四瓣丝虫亚属）。曼森丝虫（桑德丝虫）组合新名，用于容纳具有以下特征的物种：头部末端圆形，不沿侧向或中轴定向；雄虫尾部末端不扁平；雄虫尾部的尾乳突不聚集在泄殖腔周围；阴门靠近食管基部；微丝蚴有核，延伸至尾部末端。模式种为指形曼森丝虫（桑德丝虫亚属）。
