Meinert J
Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1984 Apr;44(4):260-2. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1036888.
In Europe, one inversion per 25,000 births is expected with present day obstetric management. Faulty management of the third stage of labour may increase the incidence many-fold. North American figures show that the omission of medications during the third stage of labour and traction on the umbilical cord have increased the incidence to 1 in 2,000. Whether cord traction is as free of danger as has been claimed within recent years, needs to be re-evaluated. The classical symptoms and signs of inversion of the uterus are pain, vascular shock and bleeding. If manual reposition of the uterus occurs immediately following the inversion, even without anesthesia, severe complications and post-operative morbidity are low. Following inversion of the uterus, further normal pregnancies can be expected.
在欧洲，按照当今的产科管理方式，预计每25000例分娩中会出现1例子宫内翻。第三产程管理不当可能会使发病率增加数倍。北美的数据表明，在第三产程中不使用药物以及牵拉脐带已使发病率增至2000分之一。脐带牵拉是否像近年来所宣称的那样毫无危险，有待重新评估。子宫内翻的典型症状和体征是疼痛、血管性休克和出血。如果在子宫内翻后立即进行手法复位，即使不使用麻醉，严重并发症和术后发病率也较低。子宫内翻后，有望再次正常妊娠。
