Neutra R R, Drolette M E
Am J Epidemiol. 1978 Sep;108(3):214-22. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112614.
The methods used for selecting subjects yield three types of case-control studies: 1) incident cases are compared to non-cases chosen to be representative of the exposure distribution among the person-years which produced the cases. In this type of study the exposure-odds ratio equals the incidence density ratio; 2) incident cases are compared to residual non-cases at the end of the risk period (exposure-odds ratio = cumulative incidence-odds ratio); 3) prevalent cases are compared to non-cases (exposure-odds ratio = prevalence odds ratio). In study type 1 the equivalence of odds ratio to rate ratio requires no "rare disease assumption;" this permits estimation of exposure-specific illness rates when the overall rate is known. In study types 2 and 3 the exposure-odds ratio equals the corresponding rate ratios only when exposure-specific rates are low. Nonetheless, exposure-specific rates can be calculated without making any rare disease assumption using Bayes' theorem and information on the overall disease rate. A method for obtaining approximate confidence limits around the exposure-specific rates is presented.
1）将新发病例与选择的非病例进行比较，这些非病例被选为在产生病例的人年中暴露分布的代表。在这类研究中，暴露比值比等于发病密度比；2）将新发病例与风险期结束时的剩余非病例进行比较（暴露比值比 = 累积发病率比值比）；3）将现患病例与非病例进行比较（暴露比值比 = 现患率比值比）。在研究类型1中，比值比与率比的等价性不需要“罕见病假设”；当总体率已知时，这允许估计特定暴露的疾病率。在研究类型2和3中，只有当特定暴露率较低时，暴露比值比才等于相应的率比。尽管如此，使用贝叶斯定理和总体疾病率信息，可以在不做任何罕见病假设的情况下计算特定暴露率。本文提出了一种围绕特定暴露率获得近似置信区间的方法。
