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Genetics. 1980 Sep;96(1):263-73. doi: 10.1093/genetics/96.1.263.
A model is presented showing that natural selection operating at the individual level can adequately explain the evolution of multiple mating behavior by honey bee queens. Group selection need not be invoked. The fitness of a given female genotype is a function of the number of sex alleles in the population, the number of matings by an individual female and the specific parameters that determine the relationship of brood viability to individual fitness. Even though the exact relationship is not known, it is almost certainly not linear. A nonlinear relationship between worker brood viability and fitness and a significant genetic load associated with the sex-determination system in honey bees are the essential components of this model.
提出了一个模型，表明在个体层面起作用的自然选择能够充分解释蜜蜂蜂后多配偶行为的进化。无需援引群体选择。给定雌性基因型的适合度是种群中性等位基因数量、单个雌性交配次数以及决定幼虫存活力与个体适合度关系的特定参数的函数。尽管确切关系尚不清楚，但几乎可以肯定不是线性的。工蜂幼虫存活力与适合度之间的非线性关系以及蜜蜂性别决定系统相关的显著遗传负荷是该模型的基本组成部分。
