Observations on the calving of free-ranging tame red deer (Cervus elaphus).

Calving was observed in 27 farmed red deer, most of which were calving for the first time. On average, parturition lasted 107 min and the placenta was released 98 min after calving. The postnatal development of 23 calves was watched. On average, the first sucking occurred 33 min after birth and the calves were able to stand 47 min after birth. There was wide variation in these times. Male first calves had a mean weight of 6.59 kg and females a mean weight of 6.00 kg, weighed dry after the first sucking. Out of 50 hinds put to the stag at 16 months of age, when their mean weight was 66 kg, 48 calved. None of 56 pregnant hinds, of which 50 were in their first pregnancies, died at calving time. Calf losses were 3 born dead and a further 6 which died soon after calving: these losses were 16.1% of pregnancies and 11.3% of calves born alive.